Khalid Shah, Dr. Ibzahir Khan. “This Article Investigates the Notion of ta’z┘r (discretionary Punishments in Islamic Law) by Comparing and Contrasting It With the Concept of Hadd (fixed Punishments in Islamic law). Deterrence of Crimes Is the Main Objective: میڈیکل ٹیسٹ سے گواہی کی شرعی حیثیت: ایک تحقیقی جائزہ”. Bannu University Research Journal in Islamic Studies 6, no. 1 (June 30, 2019). Accessed October 13, 2026. https://www.burjis.com/index.php/burjis/article/view/162.