Khalid Shah, Dr. Ibzahir Khan (2019) “This article investigates the notion of ta’z┘r (discretionary punishments in Islamic law) by comparing and contrasting it with the concept of hadd (fixed punishments in Islamic law). Deterrence of crimes is the main objective: میڈیکل ٹیسٹ سے گواہی کی شرعی حیثیت: ایک تحقیقی جائزہ”, Bannu University Research Journal in Islamic Studies, 6(1). Available at: https://www.burjis.com/index.php/burjis/article/view/162 (Accessed: 12 October 2026).