KHALID SHAH, DR. IBZAHIR KHAN. This article investigates the notion of ta’z┘r (discretionary punishments in Islamic law) by comparing and contrasting it with the concept of hadd (fixed punishments in Islamic law). Deterrence of crimes is the main objective: میڈیکل ٹیسٹ سے گواہی کی شرعی حیثیت: ایک تحقیقی جائزہ. Bannu University Research Journal in Islamic Studies, [S. l.], v. 6, n. 1, 2019. Disponível em: https://www.burjis.com/index.php/burjis/article/view/162. Acesso em: 10 jul. 2026.